Collapsed Lung: Signs And Treatment

A spontaneous pneumothorax, often called a collapsed lung, is a condition that can sound alarming but is typically manageable when recognized and evaluated appropriately. Understanding the symptoms, causes and treatment options can help patients seek care in a timely and appropriate way.

Pulmonologist Bassel Ericsoussi, MD, who practices at Franciscan Physician Network Pulmonary & Lung Nodule Clinic Munster in northwest Indiana, explains what a collapsed spontaneous pneumothorax is, what causes a spontaneous pneumothorax and how doctors treat a collapsed lung. 

Key Takeaways: Collapsed Lung

• A collapsed lung is more common and treatable than many people realize.
• Chest pain or shortness of breath can have many causes; however, if symptoms are persistent, worsening, or unexplained, medical evaluation is recommended.
• Trauma, underlying lung disease and certain exposures (including smoking or vaping) are common risk factors for a collapsed lung.

What Is Spontaneous Pneumothorax? 

A spontaneous pneumothorax occurs when air collects in the space between the lung and chest wall, causing part or all of the lung to collapse without trauma. This can happen when small air sacs (blebs) rupture.

While some cases develop suddenly, others may progress gradually. The severity can range from mild to more significant depending on the amount of lung involved.

What Are The Symptoms Of A Collapsed Lung? 

Symptoms of a collapsed lung can vary. Some patients may have minimal or no symptoms, especially with small pneumothoraxes. When present, symptoms may include:

• Chest discomfort (often on one side)
• Shortness of breath
• Fatigue
• Increased breathing or heart rate

These symptoms are not specific and are commonly seen in many other, more frequent conditions. Evaluation is particularly important if symptoms are new, persistent, or worsening.

“With appropriate care, outcomes are generally very good,” Dr. Ericsoussi said.

What Causes A Collapsed Lung?

A collapsed lung can be caused by several events. Common contributors include:

• Trauma, including falls, accidents and rib fractures
• Sudden pressure changes such as during flying or diving
• Underlying lung disease such as COPD
• Smoking, vaping or inhaled substances
• Genetic conditions such as alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

Smoking cigarettes, vaping and marijuana use can contribute to a condition called bleb disease, in which tiny air pockets form in the lung and can rupture.

Blebs and lung collapse

Blebs are small air pockets on the lung surface. When they rupture, air can leak into the chest cavity and cause lung collapse. This is more common in younger people and in those with smoking or vaping exposure.

“Blebs are small air pockets on the lung surface that can sometimes lead to a collapsed lung if they open,” Dr. Ericsoussi said.

Who Is At Higher Risk For A Collapsed Lung?

Risk factors for a collapsed lung include:

• Taller, thin individuals (especially younger patients). “In younger patients, awareness of symptoms and timely evaluation are the most important steps,” Dr. Ericsoussi said.
• Patients with underlying lung disease
• Smokers or people who vape

How Is A Spontaneous Pneumothorax Treated?

Treatment depends on severity of the collapsed lung:

• Observation for small, stable cases. “In some cases, especially in younger individuals, we can safely monitor the condition and see how it evolves over time,” Dr. Ericsoussi said.
• Oxygen therapy
• Placement of a small chest tube to remove air and allow lung re-expansion
• Procedures such as pleurodesis or surgery in recurrent cases. “Treatment focuses on removing the extra air so the lung can re-expand, sometimes using a small tube connected to gentle suction,” Dr. Ericsoussi said.
• Treatment of underlying medical conditions. “If needed, minimally invasive procedures can address small areas contributing to the issue while preserving healthy lung tissue,” Dr. Ericsoussi said.

Outcomes are generally very good with appropriate management.

Can A Collapsed Lung Be Prevented?

Steps to help prevent a collapsed lung include:

• Avoid smoking, vaping, and inhaled substances
• Use protective measures during high-risk activities. “Protective measures during higher-risk activities can help reduce the chance of chest injury,” Dr. Ericsoussi said.
• Manage underlying lung disease

What Should You Do If You Suspect A Collapsed Lung?

If you develop new or worsening chest discomfort or shortness of breath—especially if symptoms are persistent or unexplained—medical evaluation is appropriate to determine the cause. “If chest pain and shortness of breath occur together, it’s important to seek medical evaluation promptly,” Dr. Ericsoussi said.