Understanding Cysts And Fibrocystic Breast Disease

Finding a lump in your breast can be concerning. However, according to the American Cancer Society, not every lump is a sign of cancer. Many women experience benign (noncancerous) breast conditions. These can include breast cysts and fibrocystic breast disease. Understand these common conditions and know when to talk with your medical provider. This may give peace of mind and support proactive health.

What Are Breast Cysts And Fibrocystic Breast Disease?

Breast cysts are fluid-filled sacs found in the breast tissue. They can vary in size and may feel tender, especially before your menstrual cycle.

Fibrocystic breast changes happen when fibrous tissue and fluid-filled cysts develop in the breasts. The American Cancer Society explains that these changes can cause lumpiness, swelling and tenderness. These changes are linked to hormonal changes, especially before the menstrual cycle. They are a natural, benign condition and typically go away on their own after menstruation.

Types Of Benign Breast Conditions

Several types of breast conditions can cause lumps and changes in breast tissue. These conditions are not only benign but, in most cases, require little to no treatment unless they cause discomfort or other concerns.

• Fibroadenomas: Solid, noncancerous tumors composed of glandular and connective tissue. They are usually painless and may feel firm or rubbery.
• Breast cysts: Fluid-filled sacs that may feel tender or firm, mostly around menstruation.
• Fibrocystic changes: A combination of cysts, fibrosis (thickening or scarring of connective tissue) and general lumpiness caused by hormonal changes.
• Lipomas: Slow-growing fatty lumps that are soft and painless.
• Fat necrosis: Painless lumps that can occur after breast trauma or surgery.
• Intraductal papillomas: Small, wart-like growth in the lining of the mammary ducts near the nipple that can cause nipple discharge.
• Hyperplasia: An overgrowth of cells in the breast ducts or lobules (glands that make milk).

Are Cysts And Fibrocystic Changes Linked To Cancer?

It’s common to wonder whether these conditions could lead to cancer, especially if there’s a family history of breast cancer.

“Just having cystic breasts won’t necessarily increase your risk of cancer,” Andrea Amico, MD, a medical oncologist at the Comprehensive Cancer Institute at Franciscan Health, explained. “However, factors such as multiple breast biopsies or a strong family history could increase a person’s risk.”

Breast density, often associated with fibrocystic breast disease, is more of a major factor in assessing cancer risk.

“People who have dense breasts are more likely to develop breast cancer,” said Dr. Amico.

However, Dr. Amico noted that this increased risk could be due to two factors: “Whether it’s truly a feature of the density of the breast tissue versus the sensitivity of the mammograms to detect breast cancer within a dense background.”

Risk assessment tools like the Tyrer-Cuzick Risk Assessment and Gail Model for Breast Cancer Risk calculate a person’s risk by evaluating factors such as family history, age of first menstrual cycle and breastfeeding history. If your risk exceeds 20 percent, your healthcare provider may recommend advanced screenings or preventive strategies.

Managing Symptoms Of Cysts And Fibrocystic Breast Disease

Both breast cysts and fibrocystic changes usually don’t require treatment unless symptoms become uncomfortable. Simple remedies like warm compresses, supportive bras and over-the-counter pain relief can help alleviate tenderness. Reducing caffeine and salt intake may also ease symptoms.

If a cyst becomes painful or unusually large, “a minimally invasive procedure called aspiration can be performed to drain the fluid,” explained Dr. Amico.

“Persistent or complex cysts may require imaging tests such as ultrasounds or mammograms to rule out other concerns,” she said. “The most important thing is not to ignore any changes. If you feel something unusual, get it checked out.”

Preventive Care For High-Risk Individuals

For people with elevated risks of breast cancer, including if you have fibrocystic breast disease and dense breast tissue, preventive options are available. Medications that suppress estrogen’s effects on the breast can lower the risk of cancer.

“We often use these medications in a preventive capacity for those at higher risk,” said Dr. Amico. “These daily pills can be the same medications sometimes used to treat breast cancer and offer additional risk-reducing benefits.”

Routine self-exams and medical screenings are also important. The American Cancer Society recommends that women with dense breasts or fibrocystic changes work closely with their healthcare providers to determine the most appropriate screening schedule.

When To Talk With Your Provider

Never ignore changes in your breasts. If you detect a new lump, experience ongoing pain or notice symptoms like nipple discharge or skin changes, talk to your healthcare provider right away. While breast cysts and fibrocystic changes are often benign, early evaluation provides peace of mind and ensures you get the right care at the right time.

At Franciscan Health, our team offers comprehensive breast health services, including advanced imaging and personalized care for conditions like fibrocystic breast disease and breast cysts. We’re here to guide you through every step of your journey.